| E3PREF | PREFACE. Most writers on the emotions and on human conduct seem to be treating... |
| E3D1 | DEF. 1. By an adequate cause, I mean a cause through which its effect can be clearly and distinctly perceiv... |
| E3D2 | DEF. 2. I say that we act when anything takes place, either within us or externally to us, whereof we are t... |
| E3D3 | DEF. 3. By emotion I mean the modifications of the body, whereby the active power of the said body is incre... |
| E3POST1 | POST. 1. The human body can be affected in many ways, whereby its power of activity is increased or diminish... |
| E3POST2 | POST. 2. The human body can undergo many changes, and, nevertheless, retain the impressions or traces of obj... |
| E3P1 | PROP. 1. Our mind is in certain cases active, and in certain cases passive. In so far as it has adequate ide... |
| E3P1C | PROP. 1, Cor. Hence it follows that the mind is more or less liable to be acted upon, in proportion as it possess... |
| E3P2 | PROP. 2. Body cannot determine mind to think, neither can mind determine body to motion or rest or any state... |
| E3P3 | PROP. 3. The activities of the mind arise solely from adequate ideas; the passive states of the mind depend... |
| E3P4 | PROP. 4. Nothing can be destroyed, except by a cause external to itself. |
| E3P5 | PROP. 5. Things are naturally contrary, that is, cannot exist in the same object, in so far as one is capabl... |
| E3P6 | PROP. 6. Everything, in so far as it is in itself, endeavours to persist in its own being. |
| E3P7 | PROP. 7. The endeavour, wherewith every thing endeavours to persist in its own being, is nothing else but th... |
| E3P8 | PROP. 8. The endeavour, whereby a thing endeavours to persist in its being, involves no finite time, but an... |
| E3P9 | PROP. 9. The mind, both in so far as it has clear and distinct ideas, and also in so far as it has confused... |
| E3P10 | PROP. 10. An idea, which excludes the existence of our body, cannot be postulated in our mind, but is contrar... |
| E3P11 | PROP. 11. Whatsoever increases or diminishes, helps or hinders the power of activity in our body, the idea th... |
| E3P12 | PROP. 12. The mind, as far as it can, endeavours to conceive those things, which increase or help the power o... |
| E3P13 | PROP. 13. When the mind conceives things which diminish or hinder the body's power of activity, it endeavours... |
| E3P13C | PROP. 13, Cor. Hence it follows, that the mind shrinks from conceiving those things, which diminish or constrain t... |
| E3P14 | PROP. 14. If the mind has once been affected by two emotions at the same time, it will, whenever it is afterw... |
| E3P15 | PROP. 15. Anything can, accidentally, be the cause of pleasure, pain, or desire. |
| E3P15C | PROP. 15, Cor. Simply from the fact that we have regarded a thing with the emotion of pleasure or pain, though tha... |
| E3P16 | PROP. 16. Simply from the fact that we conceive, that a given object has some point of resemblance with anoth... |
| E3P17 | PROP. 17. If we conceive that a thing, which is wont to affect us painfully, has any point of resemblance wit... |
| E3P18 | PROP. 18. A man is as much affected pleasurably or painfully by the image of a thing past or future as by the... |
| E3P19 | PROP. 19. He who conceives that the object of his love is destroyed will feel pain; if he conceives that it i... |
| E3P20 | PROP. 20. He who conceives that the object of his hate is destroyed will feel pleasure. |
| E3P21 | PROP. 21. He who conceives, that the object of his love is affected pleasurably or painfully, will himself be... |
| E3P22 | PROP. 22. If we conceive that anything pleasurably affects some object of our love, we shall be affected with... |
| E3P23 | PROP. 23. He who conceives, that an object of his hatred is painfully affected, will feel pleasure. Contrariw... |
| E3P24 | PROP. 24. If we conceive that anyone pleasurably affects an object of our hate, we shall feel hatred towards... |
| E3P25 | PROP. 25. We endeavour to affirm, concerning ourselves, and concerning what we love, everything that we conce... |
| E3P26 | PROP. 26. We endeavour to affirm, concerning that which we hate, everything which we conceive to affect it pa... |
| E3P27 | PROP. 27. By the very fact that we conceive a thing, which is like ourselves, and which we have not regarded... |
| E3P27C1 | PROP. 27, Cor. 1. If we conceive that anyone, whom we have hitherto regarded with no emotion, pleasurably affects som... |
| E3P27C2 | PROP. 27, Cor. 2. We cannot hate a thing which we pity, because its misery affects us painfully. |
| E3P27C3 | PROP. 27, Cor. 3. We seek to free from misery, as far as we can, a thing which we pity. |
| E3P28 | PROP. 28. We endeavour to bring about whatsoever we conceive to conduce to pleasure; but we endeavour to remo... |
| E3P29 | PROP. 29. We shall also endeavour to do whatsoever we conceive men [N.B. By "men" in this and the following p... |
| E3P30 | PROP. 30. If anyone has done something which he conceives as affecting other men pleasurably, he will be affe... |
| E3P31 | PROP. 31. If we conceive that anyone loves, desires, or hates anything which we ourselves love, desire, or ha... |
| E3P31C | PROP. 31, Cor. From the foregoing E3P31, and also from E3P28 it follows that everyone... |
| E3P32 | PROP. 32. If we conceive that anyone takes delight in something, which only one person can possess, we shall... |
| E3P33 | PROP. 33. When we love a thing similar to ourselves we endeavour, as far as we can, to bring about that it sh... |
| E3P34 | PROP. 34. The greater the emotion with which we conceive a loved object to be affected towards us, the greate... |
| E3P35 | PROP. 35. If anyone conceives, that an object of his love joins itself to another with closer bonds of friend... |
| E3P36 | PROP. 36. He who remembers a thing, in which he has once taken delight, desires to possess it under the same... |
| E3P36C | PROP. 36, Cor. A lover will, therefore, feel pain if one of the aforesaid attendant circumstances be missing. |
| E3P37 | PROP. 37. Desire arising through pain or pleasure, hatred or love, is greater in proportion as the emotion is... |
| E3P38 | PROP. 38. If a man has begun to hate an object of his love, so that love is thoroughly destroyed, he will, ca... |
| E3P39 | PROP. 39. He who hates anyone will endeavour to do him an injury, unless he fears that a greater injury will... |
| E3P40 | PROP. 40. He, who conceives himself to be hated by another, and believes that he has given him no cause for h... |
| E3P40C1 | PROP. 40, Cor. 1. He who conceives, that one whom he loves hates him, will be a prey to conflicting hatred and love. |
| E3P40C2 | PROP. 40, Cor. 2. If a man conceives that one, whom he has hitherto regarded without emotion, has done him an injury... |
| E3P41 | PROP. 41. If anyone conceives that he is loved by another, and believes that he has given no cause for such l... |
| E3P41C | PROP. 41, Cor. He who imagines, that he is loved by one whom he hates, will be a prey to conflicting hatred and lo... |
| E3P42 | PROP. 42. He who has conferred a benefit on anyone from motives of love or honour will feel pain, if he sees... |
| E3P43 | PROP. 43. Hatred is increased by being reciprocated, and can on the other hand be destroyed by love. |
| E3P44 | PROP. 44. Hatred which is completely vanquished by love passes into love: and love is thereupon greater than... |
| E3P45 | PROP. 45. If a man conceives, that anyone similar to himself hates anything also similar to himself; which he... |
| E3P46 | PROP. 46. If a man has been affected pleasurably or painfully by anyone, of a class or nation different from,... |
| E3P47 | PROP. 47. Joy arising from the fact, that anything we hate is destroyed, or suffers other injury, is never un... |
| E3P48 | PROP. 48. Love or hatred towards, for instance, Peter is destroyed, if the pleasure involved in the former, o... |
| E3P49 | PROP. 49. Love or hatred towards a thing, which we conceive to be free, must, other conditions being similar,... |
| E3P50 | PROP. 50. Anything whatever can be, accidentally, a cause of hope or fear. |
| E3P51 | PROP. 51. Different men may be differently affected by the same object, and the same man may be differently a... |
| E3P52 | PROP. 52. An object which we have formerly seen in conjunction with others, and which we do not conceive to h... |
| E3P53 | PROP. 53. When the mind regards itself and its own power of activity, it feels pleasure: and that pleasure is... |
| E3P53C | PROP. 53, Cor. This pleasure is fostered more and more, in proportion as a man conceives himself to be praised by... |
| E3P54 | PROP. 54. The mind endeavours to conceive only such things as assert its power of activity. |
| E3P55 | PROP. 55. When the mind contemplates its own weakness, it feels pain thereat. |
| E3P55C1 | PROP. 55, Cor. 1. This pain is more and more fostered, if a man conceives that he is blamed by others. |
| E3P55C2 | PROP. 55, Cor. 2. No one envies the virtue of anyone who is not his equal. |
| E3P56 | PROP. 56. There are as many kinds of pleasure, of pain, of desire, and of every emotion compounded of these,... |
| E3P57 | PROP. 57. Any emotion of a given individual differs from the emotion of another individual, only in so far as... |
| E3P58 | PROP. 58. Besides pleasure and desire, which are passivities or passions, there are other emotions derived fr... |
| E3P59 | PROP. 59. Among all the emotions attributable to the mind as active, there are none which cannot be referred... |
| E3DOE1 | DOE. 1. Desire is the actual essence of man, in so far as it is conceived, as determined to a particular ac... |
| E3DOE2 | DOE. 2. Pleasure is the transition of a man from a less to a greater perfection. |
| E3DOE3 | DOE. 3. Pain is the transition of a man from a greater to a less perfection. |
| E3DOE4 | DOE. 4. Wonder is the conception (imaginatio) of anything, wherein the mind comes to a stand, because the p... |
| E3DOE5 | DOE. 5. Contempt is the conception of anything which touches the mind so little, that its presence leads th... |
| E3DOE6 | DOE. 6. Love is pleasure, accompanied by the idea of an external cause. |
| E3DOE7 | DOE. 7. Hatred is pain, accompanied by the idea of an external cause. |
| E3DOE8 | DOE. 8. Inclination is pleasure, accompanied by the idea of something which is accidentally a cause of plea... |
| E3DOE9 | DOE. 9. Aversion is pain, accompanied by the idea of something which is accidentally the cause of pain... |
| E3DOE10 | DOE. 10. Devotion is love towards one whom we admire. |
| E3DOE11 | DOE. 11. Derision is pleasure arising from our conceiving the presence of a quality, which we despise, in an... |
| E3DOE12 | DOE. 12. Hope is an inconstant pleasure, arising from the idea of something past or future, whereof we to a... |
| E3DOE13 | DOE. 13. Fear is an inconstant pain arising, from the idea of something past or future, whereof we to a cert... |
| E3DOE14 | DOE. 14. Confidence is pleasure arising from the idea of something past or future, wherefrom all cause of do... |
| E3DOE15 | DOE. 15. Despair is pain arising from the idea of something past or future, wherefrom all cause of doubt has... |
| E3DOE16 | DOE. 16. Joy is pleasure accompanied by the idea of something past, which has had an issue beyond our hope. |
| E3DOE17 | DOE. 17. Disappointment is pain accompanied by the idea of something past, which has had an issue contrary t... |
| E3DOE18 | DOE. 18. Pity is pain accompanied by the idea of evil, which has befallen someone else whom we conceive to b... |
| E3DOE19 | DOE. 19. Approval is love towards one who has done good to another. |
| E3DOE20 | DOE. 20. Indignation is hatred towards one who has done evil to another. |
| E3DOE21 | DOE. 21. Partiality is thinking too highly of anyone because of the love we bear him. |
| E3DOE22 | DOE. 22. Disparagement is thinking too meanly of anyone, because we hate him. |
| E3DOE23 | DOE. 23. Envy is hatred, in so far as it induces a man to be pained by another's good fortune, and to rejoic... |
| E3DOE24 | DOE. 24. Sympathy (misericordia) is love, in so far as it induces a man to feel pleasure at another's good f... |
| E3DOE25 | DOE. 25. Self-approval is pleasure arising from a man's contemplation of himself and his own power of action... |
| E3DOE26 | DOE. 26. Humility is pain arising from a man's contemplation of his own weakness of body or mind. |
| E3DOE27 | DOE. 27. Repentance is pain accompanied by the idea of some action, which we believe we have performed by th... |
| E3DOE28 | DOE. 28. Pride is thinking too highly of one's self from self-love. |
| E3DOE29 | DOE. 29. Self-abasement is thinking too meanly of one's self by reason of pain. |
| E3DOE30 | DOE. 30. Honour [Gloria]is pleasure accompanied by the idea of some action of our own, which we believe to b... |
| E3DOE31 | DOE. 31. Shame is pain accompanied by the idea of some action of our own, which we believe to be blamed by o... |
| E3DOE32 | DOE. 32. Regret is the desire or appetite to possess something, kept alive by the remembrance of the said th... |
| E3DOE33 | DOE. 33. Emulation is the desire of something, engendered in us by our conception that others have the same... |
| E3DOE34 | DOE. 34. Thankfulness or Gratitude is the desire or zeal springing from love, whereby we endeavour to benefi... |
| E3DOE35 | DOE. 35. Benevolence is the desire of benefiting one whom we pity. Cf. E3P27N1. |
| E3DOE36 | DOE. 36. Anger is the desire, whereby through hatred we are induced to injure one whom we hate, E3P39. |
| E3DOE37 | DOE. 37. Revenge is the desire whereby we are induced, through mutual hatred, to injure one who, with simila... |
| E3DOE38 | DOE. 38. Cruelty or savageness is the desire, whereby a man is impelled to injure one whom we love or pity. |
| E3DOE39 | DOE. 39. Timidity is the desire to avoid a greater evil, which we dread, by undergoing a lesser evil. |
| E3DOE40 | DOE. 40. Daring is the desire, whereby a man is set on to do something dangerous which his equals fear to at... |
| E3DOE41 | DOE. 41. Cowardice is attributed to one, whose desire is checked by the fear of some danger which his equals... |
| E3DOE42 | DOE. 42. Consternation is attributed to one, whose desire of avoiding evil is checked by amazement at the ev... |
| E3DOE43 | DOE. 43. Courtesy, or deference (Humanitas seu modestia), is the desire of acting in a way that should pleas... |
| E3DOE44 | DOE. 44. Ambition is the immoderate desire of power. |
| E3DOE45 | DOE. 45. Luxury is excessive desire, or even love of living sumptuously. |
| E3DOE46 | DOE. 46. Intemperance is the excessive desire and love of drinking. |
| E3DOE47 | DOE. 47. Avarice is the excessive desire and love of riches. |
| E3DOE48 | DOE. 48. Lust is desire and love in the matter of sexual intercourse. |
| E3DOE | DOE. Emotion, which is called a passivity of the soul, is a confused idea, whereby the mind affirms conc... |