| E2PREF | PREFACE. I now pass on to explaining the results, which must necessarily follow... |
| E2D1 | DEF. 1. By body I mean a mode which expresses in a certain determinate manner the essence of God, in so far... |
| E2D2 | DEF. 2. I consider as belonging to the essence of a thing that, which being given, the thing is necessarily... |
| E2D3 | DEF. 3. By idea, I mean the mental conception which is formed by the mind as a thinking thing. |
| E2D4 | DEF. 4. By an adequate idea, I mean an idea which, in so far as it is considered in itself, without relatio... |
| E2D5 | DEF. 5. Duration is the indefinite continuance of existing. |
| E2D6 | DEF. 6. Reality and perfection I use as synonymous terms. |
| E2D7 | DEF. 7. By particular things, I mean things which are finite and have a conditioned existence; but if sever... |
| E2A1 | AXIOM. 1. The essence of man does not involve necessary existence, that is, it may, in the order of nature, c... |
| E2A2 | AXIOM. 2. Man thinks. |
| E2A3 | AXIOM. 3. Modes of thinking, such as love, desire, or any other of the passions, do not take place, unless th... |
| E2A4 | AXIOM. 4. We perceive that a certain body is affected in many ways. |
| E2A5 | AXIOM. 5. We feel and perceive no particular things, save bodies and modes of thought. |
| E2P1 | PROP. 1. Thought is an attribute of God, or God is a thinking thing. |
| E2P2 | PROP. 2. Extension is an attribute of God, or God is an extended thing. |
| E2P3 | PROP. 3. In God there is necessarily the idea not only of his essence, but also of all things which necessar... |
| E2P4 | PROP. 4. The idea of God, from which an infinite number of things follow in infinite ways, can only be one. |
| E2P5 | PROP. 5. The actual being of ideas owns God as its cause, only in so far as he is considered as a thinking t... |
| E2P6 | PROP. 6. The modes of any given attribute are caused by God, in so far as he is considered through the attri... |
| E2P6C | PROP. 6, Cor. Hence the actual being of things, which are not modes of thought, does not follow from the divine n... |
| E2P7 | PROP. 7. The order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of things. |
| E2P7C | PROP. 7, Cor. Hence God's power of thinking is equal to his realized power of action--that is, whatsoever follows... |
| E2P8 | PROP. 8. The ideas of particular things, or of modes, that do not exist, must be comprehended in the infinit... |
| E2P8C | PROP. 8, Cor. Hence, so long as particular things do not exist, except in so far as they are comprehended in the... |
| E2P9 | PROP. 9. The idea of an individual thing actually existing is caused by God, not in so far as he is infinite... |
| E2P9C | PROP. 9, Cor. Whatsoever takes place in the individual object of any idea, the knowledge thereof is in God, in so... |
| E2P10 | PROP. 10. The being of substance does not appertain to the essence of man--in other words, substance does not... |
| E2P10C | PROP. 10, Cor. Hence it follows, that the essence of man is constituted by certain modifications of the attributes... |
| E2P11 | PROP. 11. The first element, which constitutes the actual being of the human mind, is the idea of some partic... |
| E2P11C | PROP. 11, Cor. Hence it follows, that the human mind is part of the infinite intellect of God. |
| E2P12 | PROP. 12. Whatsoever comes to pass in the object of the idea, which constitutes the human mind, must be perce... |
| E2P13 | PROP. 13. The object of the idea constituting the human mind is the body, in other words a certain mode of ex... |
| E2P13C | PROP. 13, Cor. Hence it follows that man is composed of mind and body, and that the human body exists as we percei... |
| E2P13Aa1 | P13, AXIOM. a1. All bodies are either in motion or at rest. |
| E2P13Aa2 | P13, AXIOM. a2. Every body is moved sometimes more slowly, sometimes more quickly. |
| E2P13L1 | P13, LEMMA. 1. Bodies are distinguished from one another in respect of motion and rest, quickness and slowness, an... |
| E2P13L2 | P13, LEMMA. 2. All bodies agree in certain respects. |
| E2P13L3 | P13, LEMMA 3. A body in motion or at rest must be determined to motion or rest by another body, which other body... |
| E2P13L3C | P13, LEMMA 3, Cor. Hence it follows, that a body in motion keeps in motion, until it is determined to a state of rest... |
| E2P13Ab1 | P13, AXIOM. b1. All modes, wherein one body is affected by another body, follow simultaneously from the nature of t... |
| E2P13Ab2 | P13, AXIOM. b2. When a body in motion impinges on another body at rest, which it is unable to move, it recoils, in... |
| E2P13D | P13, DEF. So far we have been speaking only of the most simple bodies, which are only distinguished one from... |
| E2P13Ab3 | P13, AXIOM. b3. In proportion as the parts of an individual, or a compound body, are in contact over a greater or l... |
| E2P13L4 | P13, LEMMA. 4. If from a body or individual, compounded of several bodies, certain bodies be separated, and if, at... |
| E2P13L5 | P13, LEMMA. 5. If the parts composing an individual become greater or less, but in such proportion, that they all... |
| E2P13L6 | P13, LEMMA. 6. If certain bodies composing an individual be compelled to change the motion, which they have in one... |
| E2P13L7 | P13, LEMMA. 7. Furthermore, the individual thus composed preserves its nature, whether it be, as a whole, in motio... |
| E2POST1 | POST. 1. The human body is composed of a number of individual parts, of diverse nature, each one of which is... |
| E2POST2 | POST. 2. Of the individual parts composing the human body some are fluid, some soft, some hard. |
| E2POST3 | POST. 3. The individual parts composing the human body, and consequently the human body itself, are affected... |
| E2POST4 | POST. 4. The human body stands in need for its preservation of a number of other bodies, by which it is cont... |
| E2POST5 | POST. 5. When the fluid part of the human body is determined by an external body to impinge often on another... |
| E2POST6 | POST. 6. The human body can move external bodies, and arrange them in a variety of ways. |
| E2P14 | PROP. 14. The human mind is capable of perceiving a great number of things, and is so in proportion as its bo... |
| E2P15 | PROP. 15. The idea, which constitutes the actual being of the human mind, is not simple, but compounded of a... |
| E2P16 | PROP. 16. The idea of every mode, in which the human body is affected by external bodies, must involve the na... |
| E2P16C1 | PROP. 16, Cor. 1. Hence it follows, first, that the human mind perceives the nature of a variety of bodies, together... |
| E2P16C2 | PROP. 16, Cor. 2. It follows, secondly, that the ideas, which we have of external bodies, indicate rather the constit... |
| E2P17 | PROP. 17. If the human body is affected in a manner which involves the nature of any external body, the human... |
| E2P17C | PROP. 17, Cor. The mind is able to regard as present external bodies, by which the human body has once been affect... |
| E2P18 | PROP. 18. If the human body has once been affected by two or more bodies at the same time, when the mind afte... |
| E2P19 | PROP. 19. The human mind has no knowledge of the body, and does not know it to exist, save through the ideas... |
| E2P20 | PROP. 20. The idea or knowledge of the human mind is also in God, following in God in the same manner, and be... |
| E2P21 | PROP. 21. This idea of the mind is united to the mind in the same way as the mind is united to the body. |
| E2P22 | PROP. 22. The human mind perceives not only the modifications of the body, but also the ideas of such modific... |
| E2P23 | PROP. 23. The mind does not know itself, except in so far as it perceives the ideas of the modifications of t... |
| E2P24 | PROP. 24. The human mind does not involve an adequate knowledge of the parts composing the human body. |
| E2P25 | PROP. 25. The idea of each modification of the human body does not involve an adequate knowledge of the exter... |
| E2P26 | PROP. 26. The human mind does not perceive any external body as actually existing, except through the ideas o... |
| E2P26C | PROP. 26, Cor. In so far as the human mind imagines an external body, it has not an adequate knowledge thereof. |
| E2P27 | PROP. 27. The idea of each modification of the human body does not involve an adequate knowledge of the human... |
| E2P28 | PROP. 28. The ideas of the modifications of the human body, in so far as they have reference only to the huma... |
| E2P29 | PROP. 29. The idea of the idea of each modification of the human body does not involve an adequate knowledge... |
| E2P29C | PROP. 29, Cor. Hence it follows that the human mind, when it perceives things after the common order of nature, ha... |
| E2P30 | PROP. 30. We can only have a very inadequate knowledge of the duration of our body. |
| E2P31 | PROP. 31. We can only have a very inadequate knowledge of the duration of particular things external to ourse... |
| E2P31C | PROP. 31, Cor. Hence it follows that all particular things are contingent and perishable. |
| E2P32 | PROP. 32. All ideas, in so far as they are referred to God, are true. |
| E2P33 | PROP. 33. There is nothing positive in ideas, which causes them to be called false. |
| E2P34 | PROP. 34. Every idea, which in us is absolute or adequate and perfect, is true. |
| E2P35 | PROP. 35. Falsity consists in the privation of knowledge, which inadequate, fragmentary, or confused ideas in... |
| E2P36 | PROP. 36. Inadequate and confused ideas follow by the same necessity, as adequate or clear and distinct ideas... |
| E2P37 | PROP. 37. That which is common to all (cf. E2P13L2), and which is equally in a part and in the whole, do... |
| E2P38 | PROP. 38. Those things, which are common to all, and which are equally in a part and in the whole, cannot be... |
| E2P38C | PROP. 38, Cor. Hence it follows that there are certain ideas or notions common to all men. |
| E2P39 | PROP. 39. That, which is common to and a property of the human body and such other bodies as are wont to affe... |
| E2P39C | PROP. 39, Cor. Hence it follows that the mind is fitted to perceive adequately more things, in proportion as its b... |
| E2P40 | PROP 40. Whatsoever ideas in the mind follow from ideas which are therein adequate, are also themselves adeq... |
| E2P41 | PROP. 41. Knowledge of the first kind is the only source of falsity, knowledge of the second and third kinds... |
| E2P42 | PROP. 42. Knowledge of the second and third kinds, not knowledge of the first kind, teaches us to distinguish... |
| E2P43 | PROP. 43. He, who has a true idea, simultaneously knows that he has a true idea, and cannot doubt of the trut... |
| E2P44 | PROP. 44. It is not in the nature of reason to regard things as contingent, but as necessary. |
| E2P44C1 | PROP. 44, Cor. 1. Hence it follows, that it is only through our imagination that we consider things, whether in respe... |
| E2P44C2 | PROP. 44, Cor. 2. It is in the nature of reason to perceive things under a certain form of eternity (sub quadam aeter... |
| E2P45 | PROP. 45. Every idea of every body, or of every particular thing actually existing, necessarily involves the... |
| E2P46 | PROP. 46. The knowledge of the eternal and infinite essence of God which every idea involves is adequate and... |
| E2P47 | PROP. 47. The human mind has an adequate knowledge of the eternal and infinite essence of God. |
| E2P48 | PROP. 48. In the mind there is no absolute or free will; but the mind is determined to wish this or that by a... |
| E2P49 | PROP. 49. There is in the mind no volition or affirmation and negation, save that which an idea, inasmuch as... |
| E2P49C | PROP. 49, Cor. Will and understanding are one and the same. |